Orden: PASSERIFORMES
Familia: GRALLARIIDAE
Distribution and habitat
It is distributed by the seaside mountains of northern Venezuela, and, along the Andes, from northwestern Venezuela, through Colombia, Ecuador, to northern Peru.
It is widely diffused and common on or near the ground, in its natural habitat of humid tropical or subtropical mountain forests, and its edges, mainly between 1900 and 3100 meters above sea level. It is not threatened.
Description
It is a medium-sized tororoí, with an average length of 18.5 cm. Its head and nape are reddish orange. The back is olive brown and the throat is white. The belly is white superimposed with brown or black stripes, especially on the sides and flanks. The legs are blue-gray. This combination of markings makes this species quite distinctive and easy to identify.
Although shy and reserved like all members of its genus, to some extent this species is reasonably frequently exposed, though rarely far from cover.
Systematic
Original description
The species G. ruficapilla was first described by the French naturalist Frédéric de Lafresnaye in 1842 under the same scientific name; type locality «Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia».
Taxonomy
For a long time it was considered conspecific with Grallaria watkinsi, but they are distinguished by differences in voice, plumage, the colors of the bare parts and habitats; Also, no intermediate specimens or songs are known from the overlapping area of the species in southwestern Ecuador. The subspecific affiliation of the birds of Cerro Chinguela, in northern Peru, is uncertain and they are tentatively included in the nominal subspecies.
Subspecies
According to the classification of the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) (Version 6.3, 2016) and Clements Checklist v.2015, 7 subspecies are recognized, with their corresponding geographical distribution:
Grallaria ruficapilla ruficapilla Lafresnaye, 1842 – Eastern, central and western Andes from Colombia to central western and southeastern Ecuador.
Grallaria ruficapilla perijana Phelps Sr. & Gilliard, 1940 – Sierra de Perijá (Colombia / Venezuela border);
Grallaria ruficapilla avilae Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914 – north of Venezuela, Andes (south of Lara) and coastal mountains (east to Miranda);
Grallaria ruficapilla nigrolineata Sclater, 1890 – western Venezuela (Táchira, Mérida and Trujillo);
Grallaria ruficapilla connectens Chapman, 1923 – southwestern Ecuador in El Oro and Loja;
Grallaria rufiapilla albiloris Taczanowski, 1880 – slopes from the Pacific Northwest of Peru south to Lambayeque (possibly as far as Ancash).
Grallaria ruficapilla interior Zimmer, 1934 – northern Peru (Amazonas and San Martín)
Feeding
Set the leaves aside with your beak. Dig and poke beak into soft mud looking for worms, large insects, other invertebrates, and frogs.
Reproduction
Its nest consists of a mass of dead leaves, roots and moss at a certain height above the ground, the female lays 2 eggs which she incubates.
Behaviour
This bird is mainly land, jumping on the ground or running quickly, usually hiding in tangled undergrowth but can come out into small clearings and roadsides early in the morning or at dusk.
Vocalization/ song
https://www.xeno-canto.org/550983
